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Lesson 1[size=24]Measuring tools
-In your environment there aremeasuring tools used to measure different things.
-There are many differentthings around us these objects are differ in shape, colour and texture but allof these objects are matter.
Matter: Itis every thing that has volume (occupy space) and mass.
Examples:
-In the cloth store the sellerasks about the length of the cloth.
-In the market the seller asksabout the weight (the mass) of the vegetables or thefruits or meat that you will buy.
- If you want to buy milk oroil the seller asks about the volume.
LengthThe measuring tools
The length of the object ismeasured by:
1- Graduated measuring ruler.
2- Graduated tap.
The measuring units
1-The centimeter (cm):
It is suitable for measuringthe small lengths.
Such as the length of your penor the sides of your book.
2-The meter (m):
It is suitable for measuringthe large lengths.
Such as the dimensions of yourclassroom.
i.e. 1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters(cm)
3-The kilometer (km):
It is used to measure very biglengths.
Such as the distance between Cairo and Alexandria.
I.e. 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m)Mass
Mass: It's the amount of matterthat the object contains.
The measuring tools
1- Two pan balance(common balance):Itis used to weight some things such as one kilogram of sugar and a half kilogramof cheese.
2-Sensitive balance:Itis used to measure small masses of tiny objects as things made of gold andchemicals in the lab.
The measuring units
1- Gram (gm):
It is suitable for measuring small masses such asjewelers.
2- Kilogram (kg):
It is suitable for measuring large masses suchas fruits and vegetables.
I.e. 1 Kilogram= 1000 grams
3-Ton:
It is used to measure very bigobjects.
I.e. 1 Ton= 1000 KilogramsVolume
Volume:
It's thespace that is occupied by the matter.The measuring tools
1-Graduated cylinder:
It is used to measure thevolumes of:
-liquids such as water,oil…etc
-An irregular solid body.
2-A ruler:
It is used to measure the dimensions of a regularsolid body.
The measuring units
(1) Cubic Centimeter (cm3):
It is used for measuring volumes of liquids andsolids.
(2) Cubic Meter (m3):
It is used for measuring volumes of solids.
(3) The Liter (L) or milliliters:
It is used for measuring volumes of liquids.
I.e. 1 Liter= 1000 milliliters= 1000 cm3
Methods of measuring volumes
(1) Measuring the Volume of Liquid:
a- Put an amount of water ina graduated cylinder.
b- Record the reading of thecylinder.
Notes: To form correct reading ofthe volume of the liquid in the graduated cylinder your eyes must be inhorizontal direction at the lower point of the surface.
(2) Measuring theVolume of Solid:A) Regular solid body: (by ruler)
Example: Measuring the volume of a brick (book).
1- Measure the length, thewidth and height of brick by ruler.
So: the volume of regular body (brick) =
= the length × the width × the height = ……… cm3
(B) Irregular solidbody:
Example: measuring the volume of a piece of stone.
Suggested alternative:
1- Measure the dimensions ofstone by using a ruler.
2-Put it in graduated cylindercontaining an amount of water and measure the increase in the volume of water.
Testing the alternatives:
1-Alternative (1) is rejectedas the stone has an irregular shape.
2- Alternative (2) is suitableas the stone has an irregular shape and it is insoluble in water.
Alternative (2) can be done by the following steps:
1- Put an amount of water in graduated jar.2- Record the volume ofwater (V1).
3- Put the solid body in thecylinder.
4- Record the reading of thenew water (V2).
So: the volume of the body = V2 – V1= ……. Cm3
Notes:
-Whenbody is submerged completely in a cylinder full of a liquid the liquid isspilled.
So thevolume of the body= the volume of the spilled water.
Activity: To prove that equal volumes of differentsubstances have different masses:
Steps:
1-Get two cubes having the samevolume one of them is made of iron and the other is made of wood.
2-Put the iron cube in one pan ofthe common balance and the wooden cube.
Observation: iron cube has higher mass thanthe wooden cube.
Conclusion: Equal volumes of differentsubstances have different masses.
Give reason1. The car has a volume? As it occupies a part of space.
2. A glass is a matter? As it has a volume and mass.
3. Air is a matter? As it has a volume and mass.
4. When some pieces of stone are put in a glass full ofwater an amount of water is spilled out of the glass? As the pieces of stone havevolume that replace the volume of spilled water.
Lesson 2Matter states and its changes
-Thereare three states of the matter:
1- Solid state: such as sugar, salt, Iron,Copper and wood.
2- Liquid state:such as water, oil, milk, benzene, Kerosene and Alcohol.
3- Gaseous state:such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapour.
Notes:
Matter consists of small buildingunits called molecules or particles.
1-Solidstate:
Its properties:
1-Its molecules are packed veryclosely together.
2- It has a definite shape andvolume.
Activity: Toprove that Solid matter has a definite shape and volume.
Steps:
1. Put a pieceof stone and marble in a test tube.
2. Comparebetween the shape and volume of each body in the test tube and its real shapeand volume.
Observation: shape and volume of each bodydon't change.
Conclusion: Solid matter has a definiteshape and volume.
2-Liquidstate:
Its properties:
1-Its molecules are far from eachother (the distance between molecules is larger than that of solids).
2- It has a definite volume andan indefinite shape.
Activity:To prove that liquid matter has a definite volume and an indefinite shape.
Steps:
1-Put 100 cm3 of waterin a conical flask and pour them in cylindrical flask.
Observation: The volume of water doesn'tchange but its shape changes taking the shape of its container.
Conclusion: liquids have a definite volumeand an indefinite shape (they take the shape of its container).
3-Gaseousstate:
Its properties:
1-Its molecules are very far fromeach other (the distance between molecules is larger than that of liquids).
2-It hasn't a definite shape orvolume.
Activity:To prove that gaseous matter hasn't a definite shape or volume.
Steps:
1- Blow air in a balloon and tie it with a thread.
2- Press on the balloon with your hand.
Observation: The shape and volume of airchanges by pressing on the balloon.
Conclusion: Gases always take the shapes andvolumes of their containers (they don't have a definite shape or volume).
Notes:
-In oxygen and butagas cylindersthe gas is compressed inside them where its shape and volume is changed.
Comparison between thethree states of matter:
 State aspect | Solid | Liquid | Gas |
| Volume | Definite | Definite | indefinite |
| Shape | Definite | indefinite | indefinite |
- Matterexists in only one state at the ordinary room temperature.
- Matter can be changed from one state to another byheating or cooling.
- So water changes from one state to another byheating or cooling.
1-Changing of waterfrom the solid state to the liquid state.
Activity:Steps:
-Putsome pieces of ice in a clean glass and leave it in air.
Observation: Ice changes into water as itacquires heat from the surrounding air.
Conclusion: water changes from the solidstate to the liquid state by heating and this process is known as melting.
Melting:
It is the change of matter fromthe solid state to the liquid state by heating.
2-Changing of waterfrom the liquid state to the gaseous state.
Activity:Steps:
-Boilan amount of water in a pot or try to prepare tea.
Observation: Water in the pot decreases andwater vapour comes out from the pot.
Conclusion: water changes from the liquidstate to the gaseous state by heating and this process is known as evaporation.
Evaporation:
It is the change of thematter from the liquid state into the gaseous state by heating.
3-Changing of waterfrom the gaseous state to the liquid state.
Water changes from the gaseousstate to the liquid state by cooling and this process is known as condensation.
Condensation:
It is the change of the matter from the gaseous state into the liquid state by cooling.
Applications on condensation process:
1. Appearance of some water dropletson leaves of plants and cars in the early morning.
2. Appearance of some water dropletson the covers of cooking pans during cooking.
3. Appearance of some water dropletson a glass contains ice and left in the air.
Reason:
Water vapour which presents in the air or comes outfrom cooking pans collects (condenses) on the cold surface (leaves, cars,covers of cooking pans and outer surface of bottle) forming water droplets.
4-Changing of waterfrom the liquid state to the solid state.
Activity:
Steps:
-Put some water in a plasticbottle the put it in the freezer of a refrigerator for a suitable period.
Observation: water changes into ice.
Conclusion: water changes from the liquidstate to the solid state by cooling and this process is known as freezing.
Freezing:
It isthe change of the matter from the liquidstate into the solid state byCooling.Givereason
1. Salt is solid while oil is liquid? As salt has definite volume and shape while oil hasdefinite volume but it has indefinite shape.
2. Air is agaseous matter? As it has indefinitevolume and shape.
3. The shape ofwater inside the cylinder differs from its shape inside the conical container?As water is liquid matter has indefiniteshape.
4. Milk is aliquid matter? As it has definite volumeand indefinite shape.
5. Wood has adefinite shape and volume? As wood issolid matter.
6. On putting amixture of gravels and water in a refinery with minute holes water passes whilegravels remain in the refinery? As watermolecules has large distance between them so it can move freely while gravelsmolecules are packed very closely so it can not move freely.
7. Oxygen hasindefinite shape and volume? As oxygen isa gaseous matter.
8. Ice changeinto water if a beaker of ice exposed to air? As it take heat from the surrounding air.
9. On making teawater drops are formed on the cover of a teapot from inside? As water vapour condensed on the cold surface formingwater droplets.
10. Water freezeswhen it is put in the freezer? As itstemperature decreases .
11. The decreasein the amount of water in a teapot when it is boiled for some time? As some of water is evaporate.
12. Formation ofwater drops on the outer surface of a bottle filled with ice? As water vapour condensed on the cold surface formingwater droplets.
13. The washedclothes become dry after exposing them to the heat of the atmosphere? As water vapour condensed on the cold surface formingwater droplets.
14. Gaseousmatter is compressed and packed in cylinders? As its shape and volume is changed.
15. A piece of copperhas a definite shape when we carry it from a vessel to another one? As copper is solid matter.
16.
The glass bottlewhich is put in the freezer of the refrigerator should not be full of water? As the volume of ice is bigger than of water so thebottle will burst.What happens?
1. When anamount of milk is poured from a graduated cylinder into a test tube? Milk takes the shape of the test tube.
2. When you putthree equal amount of water in three different containers? The water takes the shape of its container.
3. When you blowair in different balloons? The air takethe shape of balloons.
4. When you putpieces of ice in a pan and heat them? Icewill melt and be water.
5. When you puta cold sheet of glass over a container containing water vapour coming fromboiling water? Water droplets appear.
6. When a bottleof water is put in freezer? Water will be ice as it freezes.
7. When you takeout a bottle of water from the fridge and leave it a while? Water droplets will appear on the bottle.
8. If we leave aglass filled with ice in air? Water droplets will appear on the glass.
9. If you boilwater and expose product to a cold surface?Water droplets will appear.
Lesson 3
Elements around usActivity: To know theconstituents of matter.
Examinesome substances such as:
-Nails Made of iron.
- Spoon Aluminium.- Electric wires Copper.
- Coal Carbon.
- Sulphur crystals Sulpher.Conclusion: matter is composed of elements.
Element: It is the building unit of matterand it is the simplest form of matter that can't be analyzed into twosubstances or more.
Scientists classified the elements into:
1-Metals:
-Solids as Iron, Copper, Aluminum, Gold,Silver and lead.
- Liquids as Mercury.
2-Non-metals:
- Solids as Sulphur, Carbon, Phosphorus.
- Liquids as Bromine.
- Gases as Oxygen, Nitrogen.
Notes:
1. The molecules and atoms of anelement are different from molecules of another element.
2. The element consists of twosimilar atoms
3. They are not decomposed tosimplest substances by chemical or physical means.
4. They are split up under certaincondition by (nuclear fission).
5. The scientists have discovered112 elements
a) 92 are found in nature.
b) The rest (20) are synthesized under certain conditions
Properties of metals and non-metals:
1. Metals areshiny (have metallic luster) but non-metals are not.
2. Metals aregood conductors of electricity but non-metals are bad conductors of electricityexcept carbon.
3. Metals aregood conductors of heat while non-metals are bad conductors of heat.
4. Metals havehigh boiling and melting points but non-metals have low boiling and meltingpoints.
5. Metals aremalleable but non-metals are not.
Activity:To prove the shining property of metals.
| Steps | Observation | Conclusion |
| 1- Bring samples of different elements such as: Iron nail, copper wire, aluminum wire, Sulphur, mercury, coal. 2- Examine which of them is shiny and which is not shiny | 1- Iron nail, copper wire, mercury and aluminum are shiny. 2- Coal and Sulphur are not shiny. | Metals are shiny but non-metals are not shiny. |
Activity: Toprove the ability of metals and non-metals to conduct electricity.
| Steps | Observation | Conclusion |
| 1- Bring a dry cell, an electric lamp and a copper wire. From an electric circuit fig (A)  | The electric lamp lights | 1- Metals are good conductors of electricity |
 Connect an iron with end of a copper wire fig (B). | The electric lamp lights | |
 Repeat the previous step replacing an iron nail with a graphite rod once and Sulphur another time. | The electric lamp lights in case of graphite but not in Sulphur | 2- Non-metals are bad conductors of electricity except carbon |
Activity: To prove the ability of metals and non-metals to conductheat.
| Steps | Observation | Conclusion |
| 1- Bring one bare of Iron and another one of Sulphur 2- Fix a small iron nail at one end of each bar by using wax. 3- Expose the other end of each bar to the flame of candle for some times. | 1- The nail drops from the iron bar quickly. 2- The nail drops from the Sulphur bar slowly. | Metals are good conductors of heat while non-metals are bad conductors of heat |
| Steps | Observation | Conclusion |
| 1- Bring a sample of iron nails and another one of Sulphur. 2- Heat each sample by using Bunsen flame. |  The iron nails don't melt but Sulphur melt easily. | 1- Metals have high melting points but non-metals have low melting points |
| Steps | Observation | Conclusion |
| 1- Try to bend or hammer a red copper wire and a piece of Sulphur | 1- Copper wire can be bent or hammered. 2- But Sulphur can't be hammered. | Metals can be bent or hammered but non-metals cannot. |
Notes:
1-Gold is a soft element socopper, silver or platinium are added to it to be ductile easily to makejewels.
2-Aluminum metal is aluminum foil which used in wrapping up chocolateand sweets as it can be bent.
Theproperties of metals and non-metals
| Metals | Non-metals |
| 1. They have metallic luster (shiny). | 1. They haven't metallic luster (not shiny). |
| 2. They can be hammered, bent or pulled in shape of wires. | 2. They cannot be hammered, bent or pulled in shape of wires. |
| 3. They are good conductors of heat. | 3. They are bad conductors of heat. |
| 4. They are good conductors of electricity. | 4. They are bad conductors of electricity except carbon. |
| 5. They have high melting point. | 5. They have low melting point. |
| 6. They are solid at ordinary temperature except mercury which is liquid. | 6. At room temperature they may be: a) Solid: Sulphur, carbon and phosphorous. b) Liquid: bromine and iodine. c) Gases: oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine |
The economic importance of some metals and non-metals
| Element | Importance |
| 1. Iron | Used in bridges, car classis and street lights. |
| 2. Aluminum | Used in manufacture of cooking pans, electric wires and some doorknobs, aluminum foil |
| 3. Gold and silver | Used in making jewellery and decoration of furniture. |
| 4. Carbon | Used in making the positive electrode of the battery |
| 5. Oxygen | Used in rescue work and in metal welding |
| 6. Mercury | Used in manufacture of thermometers |
| 7. Copper | In making electric wires. |
Give Reason1. Sulphur is an element? As it is the simplest form of matter that can't beanalyzed into two substance or more.
2. Ironand copper are metals? As they are shiny, can be bent or hammered, have highmelting and boiling point, and good conductor of heat and electricity.
3. Sulphur is considered as nonmetal? As it is not shiny, can't bent or hammered, have low melting andboiling points, and a bad conductor of heat and electricity.
4. Goldand silver are used in making jewellery? As they can be shaped as they are metals.
5. Copperis used in manufacture of electric wires?As it is a good conductor of electricityand can be pulled into wires as it is a metal.
6. Aluminiumcan be bent or hammered, but the piece of coal can not? As Aluminium isa metal, but coal is non metal.
7. Cookingpans are made of Aluminium? As Aluminium is a good conductor of heat and can beshaped as it is a metal.
8. Handlesof cooking pots are made of wood or plastic?As they are bad conductor of heat.
9. Carbonis non metal although it is used in making the electrode of dry cell? As it is a goodconductor of electricity.
10. When making an electric circuit with afoil paper the electric lamp lights but when making an electric circuit withSulpher crystal the electric lamp doesn't light? As foil paper is made ofAluminium which is a good conductor of electricity but Sulphur is a bad conductor of electricity.
11. Aluminium is considered as a metal butbromine is a non metal? As Aluminium is shiny, can be bent or hammered, hashigh melting and boiling point and is good conductor of heat and electricitybut bromine is not.
12. We musn't approach a nail to anelectric source? As the nail is made of iron which conducts electricityas it is a metal.
13. The melting point of iron nail ishigher than that of Sulpher crystals? As iron is a metal but Sulpher is a non metal.
14. Copper is used in making status andmetallic coins? As copper is metal that can be bent or hammered toform sheets.
15. Car chassis, doors and bridges aremade of metals not of non metals? As metals can be bent or hammered to form sheets butnon metal can not.
16. The electrician stands on wooden chairwhen he makes some electrical repairs? As wood is a bad conductor of electricity.
17. Iron is used in making lamp posts? As iron is ametal can be bent or hammered to form sheets and it is a good conductor ofelectricity.
What happens if?1. You connect a graphite rod of a pencilwith a circuit having an electric lamp and why? The electric lamp lights asgraphite is a good conductor of electricity.
2. You put a piece of wax at one end of Sulphur bar and expose theother to a candle flame and why? The wax not melts as Sulphur is a bad conductor of heat.
3. You heat a piece of copper and somecrystals of Sulphurto high temperature? Sulphur crystals melt before the piece of copper.
4. You fix a piece of wax at one end ofan iron bar and expose the other to a candle flame and why? Wax melts asiron a good conductor of heat as it is a metal.
5. The handles of cooking pots are madeof Aluminium and why? We can not hold them with our hands as Aluminium is agood conductor of heat.
6. You connect some Sulphur crystals with an electric circuitthat has a lighted lamp and why? The lamp will go out because Sulphur is a bad conductor of electricity.
Lesson4 Physical andchemical changes
The changes that may occur to matter are:
1- Physical Change 2- Chemical Change
First: Physical Change: It's the change in the shape and appearance of thematter without any change in its structure or properties.
Examples on physical change:
1-Change of water from one state toanother:
Activity 1: To prove that changeof water from one state to another is a physical change.
Steps:
1- Put an amount of water in the freezer for a time.
Observation: Water freezes and changes into ice.
2- Put some pieces of ice in a glass beaker then heat them on a flame.
Observation: Ice melts and changes into water.
3- Continue heating the previous glass beaker.
Observation: Water volume decreases and water vapour comes outfrom the beaker.4- Put a cold glass sheet over the beaker.
Observation: water vapour condenses and changes into water dropsagain.
Conclusion: Change of water from one state to another is aphysical change as the shape of water changes but its structure does notchange.
2-Melting of wax:
Activity 2: To prove that melting of wax is a physicalchange.
Steps:1- Put a burning candle on a plate and observe the falling of liquiddrops from the candle.
Observation: The wax melts and changes into liquid drops thensolidified again.
Conclusion: The melting of wax is a physical change as the shapeof water changes but its structure does not change.
3- Grinding of sugar:
Activity 3: To prove thatgrinding of sugar is a physical change.
1- Take a sugar cube and test its flavor.
2- Grind the sugar cube into fine powder and taste it.
Observation: The cube changes into fine powder but its propertiesdoes not change (have the same sweet taste).
Conclusion: Grinding sugar is a physical change as the shape of sugar changes butits structure does not change.4-Dissolution of salt or sugar inwater:
Activity 4: To prove thatdissolution of table salt is
a physical change.
1- Take a small quantity of table salt and taste it in its solid state.
2- Dissolve this salt in water and stir it.
3- Put it on the flame until water evaporates and test the remainingsubstance.
Observation:
1-The shape table salt changes or disappears by dissolving in water butits properties does not change.
2-Salt remains in the beaker after evaporation of water.
Conclusion: Dissolving salt in water is a physical change.
Other examples for physical change ofmatter:
1- Melting of any solid matter as chocolate, wax and ice.
2- Malleability, ductility and bending of elements.
3- Grinding chalk into powder.
4- Freezing of any liquid matter.
5- Evaporation of water forming water vapour.
6- Paper recycling.
Second: ChemicalChange: It's a change in the structure ofthe substance producing new substance with different properties.Examples on chemical change:
1-burning of sugar:
Activity 1: To prove thatburning of sugar is
a chemical change.
1- Put a sugar cube on a burningspoon and heat it strongly.
2- Leave the spoon to cool then taste the flavour of the producedsubstance
Observation: The sugar changes to a brown substance and loses itssweet taste by heating and can't be returned to its original form again.
Conclusion: Burning sugar is a chemical change as the shape andstructure of white paper change.
2-combustion of paper:
Activity 2: To prove that combustionof paper is a chemical change.
1- Take apiece of paper and burn it
Observation: The paper changes into black ash substance and can'tbe returned to its original form again.
Conclusion: Burning paper is a chemical change as the shape andstructure of white paper change.
3-Rusting of iron:
Activity 3: To prove thatrusting of iron is a chemical change.
1- Take apiece of iron wire.
2- Observe the shine of the iron wire.
3- Put the iron wire in water and leave it for one day or more andexposed to air.
Observation: The iron wire loses its brightness and a brittlebrown layer is formed on the surface called (iron rust).
Conclusion: rusting iron is a chemical change.
Other examples for chemical change ofmatter:
1- Fermentation of fruits.
2- Fermentation of sugar.
3- Burning of any matter as a candle.
4- Addition of yeast to pastry.
5- Production of yoghurt from milk.
6- Digestion of food.
7-Photosynthesis process.
Notes:
1- Melting of a candle is a physical change while burning of a candle ischemical change.
2- Rusting of iron is formed due tothe reaction between iron and both oxygen and water.
3- Melting of iron is a physical change as its structure does not change.
Give Reason
1-
Dissolving salt in water is consideredphysical change? As it is change in thematter shape not in the structure.2- Melting of ice is a physical change? As melting of ice causes a change in the shape of icebut its structure doesn’t change.
3- Melting of wax is a physical change? As melting of wax causes a change in the shape of waxbut its structure doesn’t change
4- The change of water into ice is aphysical change? As it causes a change inthe shape of water without any change in its structure.
5- Burning of paper is considered achemical change? As it causes a change inthe shape and structure of paper producing a new substance.
6- Burning of wood is considered achemical change? As it causes a change inthe shape and structure of wood producing a new substance
7- Formation of a layer of rust on thesurface of wet iron wire? Due to chemicalchange that is produced from the reaction between iron and both water andoxygen.
8- Changing the sugar flavour afterheating it strongly on a burning spoon? Asit causes a change in the shape and structure of sugar producing a newsubstance.
9- Fermentation of milk is a chemicalchange? As it causes a change in theshape and structure of milk producing a new substance.
10- Burning a piece of sugar isconsidered a chemical change? As itcauses a change in the shape and structure of sugar producing a new substance.
11- Sugar keeps its flavour afterdissolving it in water? As it is aphysical change so the shape of sugar changes without any change in its structure.
12- A black substance is produced afterburning a piece of paper? As the chemicalchange that produces a new substance with new properties.
13- Formation of clouds and rains is aphysical change? As formation of cloudsand rains changes the shape of water without any change in its structure.
14- Burning a piece of bread is achemical change? As this causes a changein the structure and shape of bread producing a new substance with newproperties.
15-
Rusting of iron is considered a chemicalchange? As it causes a change in thestructure of iron producing a new substance with new properties.Whathappens if?
1- Waterevaporate from a salty solution? Thetable salt remains in the beaker after the evaporation of water completely.
2- Weexpose a cold glass sheet to water vapour?Drops of water are formed on the cold glass sheet due to the condensation ofwater vapour.
3- Weburn a piece of paper? A chemical changetakes place and black ash is formed.
4- Weheat a piece of ice strongly? A physicalchange takes place and ice changes to water then to water vapour.
5- Addingyeast to doughs then baking .why? Swellingof doughs occurs due to chemical change takes place.
6- Puttinga piece of dry iron wire in a jar filled with dry oxygen .why? The piece of dry iron wire doesn’t change as there isno water.
7- Weheat a piece of sugar strongly? Achemical change takes place and a brown substance is formed.
8- Weput a bottle of water in the freezer for a day? A physical change takes place and water changes into ice.
9- Abright shiny iron nail is moistened and exposed to air? The iron nail rusts where a brittle brown layer isformed on the iron nail.
10- Wegrind sugar into powder .why? A physicalchange takes place.
11- Webend an iron sheet. Why? A physicalchange takes place.
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